polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

The percentage yield of bromoethane is 82.45%.

The percentage yield of a reaction can be calculated using the following formula:

Percentage Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100

For this reaction, the theoretical yield of bromomethane is calculated by multiplying the moles of methanol by the moles of bromomethane and its molar mass.

Theoretical Yield = 5.00 g/32.04 g/mol x 1mol x 95g = 14.834 g bromomethane
where 95g is the molar mass of bromomethane.

The actual yield is given as 12.23 g, so the percentage yield is calculated as:

Percentage Yield = (12.23 g/14.834 g) x 100 = 82.45%

Therefore, the percentage yield of bromoethane in the reaction is 82.45%.

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If the astronomer's claim is correct and igneous rock was formed from material that was originally in sedimentary rock on the surface of Acer, then the process that likely occurred is called "igneous intrusion."

Igneous intrusion happens when molten rock, known as magma, is forced into layers of sedimentary rock, which is formed from the accumulation of sediments like sand, mud, or organic matter. As the magma intrudes into the sedimentary rock, it heats up the surrounding rocks and causes them to partially melt and recrystallize. Over time, as the magma cools and solidifies, it forms igneous rock.

The process of igneous intrusion can also cause the sedimentary rock layers to fold or deform, creating features like faults, folds, and uplifts. These changes in the sedimentary rock can be used by geologists to understand the history and geology of a particular region.

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The compounds containing anions from the most basic to least basic are:1) B (Strongest base)2) C3) A (Weakest base)The order of basicity of anionic compounds can be determined using the periodic table. The correct answer is B>C>A.

Anions are larger than their corresponding atoms due to the addition of one or more electrons. As a result, anions have lower effective nuclear charges and therefore are more basic than their parent atoms. The larger the anion, the more basic it is. The order of basicity of anionic compounds is as follows:

B > C > A

Where, B is the most basic anionic compound, C is the second most basic anionic compound, A is the least basic anionic compound

Therefore, the order of the anionic compounds from the most basic to least basic is B > C > A. To order the anionic compounds from the most basic to least basic, follow these steps: Identify the anions present in each compound., Determine the conjugate acid of each anion, Compare the strength of the conjugate acids, Order the anionic compounds based on the strength of their conjugate acids (the weaker the conjugate acid, the stronger the base).

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The concentration of excess OH- in the resulting solution is 2.15 M.

To calculate this, the amounts of NaOH and HCl must be determined in moles first. For NaOH, 7.9 mL of a 4.3 M solution is equivalent to 33.87 mmol. For HCl, 4.6 mL of a 0.74 M solution is equivalent to 3.444 mmol.

Since the moles of NaOH is greater than the moles of HCl, the concentration of excess OH- is equal to the moles of NaOH divided by the total volume of the solution. Therefore, the concentration of OH- is equal to 33.87/[(7.9+4.6) mL] = 2.15 M.

To calculate the concentration of excess OH- in the solution, the amount of NaOH and HCl present must be determined in moles first. To do this, the volume and molarity of each reactant is used.

The volume of each reactant is given, as well as the molarity of each reactant. By multiplying the volume of each reactant by its molarity, the moles of each reactant is calculated.

Since the moles of NaOH is greater than the moles of HCl, the concentration of excess OH- is equal to the moles of NaOH divided by the total volume of the solution. This can then be calculated to determine the concentration of excess OH- in the solution.

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The matching is like :- (A) Atomic mass - amu (atomic mass units) (B) Molarity - mol/liter (C) Molar mass - g/mol (grams per mole)

The atomic mass (in amu) is used to convert between the mass of an element and the number of moles of that element, while the molar mass (in g/mol) is used to convert between the mass of a compound and the number of moles of that compound. Molarity (in mol/L) is used to express the concentration of a solution. In chemistry, the atomic mass of an element is the mass of a single atom of that element relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom, which is defined as exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu). The atomic mass is typically given in units of amu, and it is used to convert between the mass of an element and the number of moles of that element. Molarity is a unit of concentration that is commonly used in chemistry. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The unit for molarity is mol/L, which is often abbreviated as M. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance. It is expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol). The molar mass is used to convert between the mass of a compound and the number of moles of that compound. For example, if we know the atomic mass of an element (in amu), we can use it to calculate the molar mass of that element (in g/mol). Similarly, if we know the molarity of a solution (in mol/L) and the molar mass of the solute (in g/mol), we can calculate the mass of the solute in a given volume of the solution.

In summary, the atomic mass, molarity, and molar mass are all important concepts in chemistry that are expressed in different units. Understanding these units and how to use them is essential for many calculations in chemistry.

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The balanced equation for the formation of aspirin is as follows:

[tex]C_7H_6O_3 + C_4H_6O_3[/tex] → [tex]C_9H_8O_4 + C_2H_4O_2[/tex]

The equation is balanced as there are equal numbers of atoms for each element on both sides.

The chemical formula of aspirin is [tex]C_9H_8O_4[/tex] which is obtained by reacting acetic anhydride ([tex]C_4H_6O_3[/tex]) with salicylic acid ([tex]C_7H_6O_3[/tex]). The reaction also produces acetic acid ([tex]C_2H_4O_2[/tex]) as a by-product.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

[tex]C_7H_6O_3 + C_4H_6O_3[/tex] → [tex]C_9H_8O_4 + C_2H_4O_2[/tex]

Salicylic acid is an organic acid that is found in various plants, including willow trees and is commonly used to treat pain and fever. Aspirin is a synthetic form of salicylic acid that is commonly used to treat pain and fever as well. It is one of the most widely used drugs in the world today.

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The Ksp of lead (II) iodide is 7.1x10-9. If it is measured that the lead concentration in the solution is 0.0003 M, then what is the concentration of iodide in the solution is 1.5 x 10-5 M

Given, the Ksp of lead (II) iodide is 7.1x10-9.

The concentration of lead =

Ksp expression of lead (II) iodide is given as,

PbI2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2I–Ksp = [Pb2+] [I-]2Here, [Pb2+] = 0.0003MIodide.

concentration:

Let’s consider x as the concentration of iodide.

The equilibrium expression of the dissolution of PbI2 is,

PbI2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2I–Initial: 0 0

Change: -x +x + 2x

At equilibrium: (0-x) (0+ x) (2x)Ksp = [Pb2+] [I-]2= (0.0003) (2x)2= 7.1x10-9x = 1.5 x 10-5 M

The concentration of iodide in solution is 1.5 x 10-5 M.

An alternate method to solve the problem is using the quadratic equation. We can solve the equation as follows,      

Ksp = [Pb2+] [I-]2

= (0.0003) (2x)2

= 7.1x10-92x2

= 7.1x10-9/0.00032x2

= 79x = 1.5x10-5 M

Therefore, the iodide concentration in the solution is 1.5 x 10-5 M.

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Answer :  625 mL of the salt solution with a molarity of 20.0 mol/L can be added to the original solution to create a new solution with a molarity of 5.00 mol/L.

We can use the formula for calculating the molarity of the new solution: M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3 where, M1 is the molarity of the first solution, V1 is the volume of the first solution, M2 is the molarity of the second solution ,V2 is the volume of the second solution, M3 is the molarity of the final solution and V3 is the volume of the final solution

Now, we will plug in the given values: M1 = 2.50 mol/LV1 = 5.00 LM2 = 20.0 mol/LV2 =  5.00 mol/L, V3 = 5.00 L. We can rearrange the formula to find V2 as  = (M3 V3 - M1 V1) / M2 V2 = (5.00 mol/L x 5.00 L - 2.50 mol/L x 5.00 L)/20.0 mol/LV2 = 0.625 L or 625 mL. So we require  0.625 L or 625 ml salt solution.

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1)  moles Al : moles of HCl

        2        :     6

simplifying the ratio;

        1         :    3

2)  [tex]HCl : AlCl_{3}[/tex]

      6    :  2

       3   :  1

3)  [tex]Al : AlCl_{3}[/tex]

     2 : 2

      1 : 1

4) [tex]HCl : H_{2}[/tex]

     6    :  3

      2   :  1

5) [tex]HCl : H_{2}[/tex]

      2   :  1

       6  :  x

x = 6/2

x = 3 moles

6) [tex]HCl : H_{2}[/tex]

      2   :  1

      12  :  x

x = 12/2

x = 6 moles

7) [tex]HCl : H_{2}[/tex]

     2   :  1

      3   :  x

x = 3/2 moles

1) protons: 3

they're positive so they go in the middle

2) atomic mass (rounded): 7 minus the atomic number (7-4)=3 neurons

as neutrons are neither negative or positive they go in the middle as well

3) electrons: 3

the number of electrons is the same as protons so 3. they go on the outside as they are negative. Electrons never go in the center

Experimental error could have arisen if there was an oily layer on top of the reaction mixture when the 3 m sulfuric acid was added.

This could have caused the acid to not mix properly with the reaction mixture, resulting in an incomplete reaction and possibly erroneous results.

To avoid this, the oil layer should be removed before adding the sulfuric acid. This can be done by gently heating the mixture and allowing the oil to evaporate.

The reaction mixture can then be cooled and the sulfuric acid added. Alternatively, the oil layer can be separated by pouring the reaction mixture through a filter.

This will ensure that the sulfuric acid is properly mixed with the reaction mixture, yielding accurate results.

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The pair of elements that are likely to form an ionic compound are cesium and magnesium.

In an ionic compound, the elements form ions that are held together by ionic bonds.

Ionic compounds are chemical compounds that are formed between two or more elements that have significant differences in their electronegativity. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, and it is affected by the number of protons in the nucleus and the distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons.

Ionic compounds are usually made up of metals and nonmetals. In these compounds, the metal atoms lose one or more electrons to form positively charged ions known as cations. At the same time, nonmetal atoms gain one or more electrons to form negatively charged ions known as anions. The attraction between these ions leads to the formation of a crystal lattice. The strength of this attraction is known as the ionic bond.

To determine whether two elements are likely to form an ionic compound, you need to compare their electronegativity values. If the difference is large, then the compound is likely to be ionic. In general, metals have low electronegativity values, while nonmetals have high electronegativity values. Cesium has an electronegativity of 0.79, while magnesium has an electronegativity of 1.31. The difference in their electronegativity values is 0.52, which is considered significant. Therefore, cesium and magnesium are likely to form an ionic compound.

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The empirical formula of PET is C4H6O4

PET, or polyethylene terephthalate, is a polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The empirical formula of PET can be determined by burning 2.8880g of PET in oxygen and measuring the amounts of water and carbon dioxide produced.

According to the information given, burning 2.8880g of PET in oxygen produces 1.0000g of H2O and 6.1058g of CO2. This suggests that the empirical formula of PET is C4H6O4.

To break this down further, PET is composed of four carbon atoms (C4), six hydrogen atoms (H6), and four oxygen atoms (O4).

The empirical formula is different from the molecular formula. The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule, whereas the molecular formula is the actual number of atoms in a molecule.

For example, the molecular formula for PET is C10H8O4, which is a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula.

PET is a polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The empirical formula of PET can be determined by burning 2.8880g of PET in oxygen and measuring the amounts of water and carbon dioxide produced, which suggests that the empirical formula of PET is C4H6O4.

This is different from the molecular formula, which is the actual number of atoms in the molecule.

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The correct answer is option D: 54.4 moles CO₂ and 63.4 moles H₂O will be formed when 4.53 moles of C₆H₁₄ completely reacts with excess oxygen.

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one chemical substance to another chemical. It involves breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms to create new molecules or compounds.

According to the balanced equation given, 2 moles of C₆H₁₄ react with 19 moles of O₂ to produce 12 moles of CO₂ and 14 moles of H₂O.

Therefore, for 4.53 moles of C₆H₁₄ , the amount of O₂ required for complete reaction would be:

(19/2) x 4.53 = 42.9 moles of O₂  

Since excess oxygen is present, all the C₆H₁₄ will react, and the number of moles of CO₂ and H₂O produced will be:

CO₂ = 12 x (4.53/2) = 27.2 moles

H₂O = 14 x (4.53/2) = 31.7 moles

Therefore, the answer is D) 54.4 moles CO₂ and 63.4 moles H₂O will be formed.

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The percent yield of the reaction is 56.0%.

The percent yield of the reaction between 11.9 g of CHCl3 with excess chlorine to produce 10.0 g of CCl4 can be calculated as follows:

Step 1: Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction CHCl3 + 3Cl2 → CCl4 + 3HCl

Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of CHCl3M(CHCl3) = 12.01 + 1 + 35.45 × 3 = 119.38 g/mol

Step 3: Determine the number of moles of CHCl3n(CHCl3) = m/M = 11.9/119.38 = 0.1 mol

Step 4: Calculate the theoretical yield of CCl4

The balanced equation shows that one mole of CHCl3 reacts with 3 moles of Cl2 to produce one mole of :

CCl4n(CCl4) = n(CHCl3) × (1 mol CCl4/1 mol CHCl3) × (3 mol Cl2/1 mol CHCl3) × (70.9 g CCl4/1 mol CCl4) = 17.87 g CCl4

Step 5: Calculate the percentage

yield% yield = (actual yield/theoretical yield) × 100%

The actual yield of CCl4 is given as 10.0 g% yield = (10.0/17.87) × 100% = 56.0%

Therefore, the percent yield of the reaction is 56.0%.

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To prepare a buffer of a desired pH, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

where pH is the desired pH, pKa is the dissociation constant of the weak acid, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base, and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid.

In this case, the weak acid is , and its dissociation reaction is:

↔ +

The dissociation constant (Ka) for this reaction is given as .

To calculate the ratio to required to prepare a buffer at a desired pH, we first need to rearrange the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation as follows:

[A-]/[HA] = 10^(pH - pKa)

Substituting the values, we get:[A-]/[HA] = 10^( - ) =

Therefore, the required ratio of [A-] to [HA] is : . This means that to prepare a buffer at the desired pH, we need to mix of and of in the buffer solution.

Substituting refers to the process of replacing one element, molecule, or group with another in a chemical reaction or a chemical compound. It is a common chemical technique used in various chemical reactions and organic synthesis. By substituting one atom or group for another, it is possible to change the properties and behavior of the molecule or compound, which can have important implications in various fields such as medicine, materials science, and industry.

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To obtain 60 grams of a 3% w/w mixture from 5% w/w indomethacin gel and white petrolatum, you need to mix 48.6 grams of the indomethacin gel with 11.4 grams of the white petrolatum.

First, calculate the total weight of the mixture you want to make, which is 60 grams. Then, divide this total weight by the percentage of the final mixture (3%). This gives you the total weight of the individual components: 60/0.03 = 2000 grams.

Next, calculate the weight of each individual component in the final mixture. To do this, multiply the percentage of each individual component with the total weight of the mixture.

The weight of the 5% w/w indomethacin gel in the mixture will be 5/100 x 2000 = 100 grams. And the weight of the white petrolatum in the mixture will be 95/100 x 2000 = 1900 grams. Finally, subtract the weight of the indomethacin gel (100 grams) from the total weight of the mixture (60 grams) to get the weight of the white petrolatum in themixture. This gives you 11.4 grams.

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The pH of a calcium hydroxide solution was obtained by dissolving 0.40 grams of calcium hydroxide in enough water to obtain 580. ml of solution is 11.8.

Calcium hydroxide is a strong base that is commonly used in various industries to neutralize acidic wastewater. Calcium hydroxide is commonly known as slaked lime, milk of lime, or hydrated lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in the following industries: steel, petroleum, water treatment, construction, and agriculture.

Here's how to solve the problem: First, find the number of moles of calcium hydroxide in the solution. A number of moles = (mass of solute) ÷ (molar mass)The molar mass of calcium hydroxide is 74.1 g/mol. The number of moles of calcium hydroxide = (0.40 g) ÷ (74.1 g/mol)= 0.00540 mol. Now, calculate the concentration of calcium hydroxide in the solution. Concentration (molarity) = (number of moles of solute) ÷ (volume of solution in L)The volume of the solution in liters is 580 mL or 0.580 L.Concentration (molarity) = (0.00540 mol) ÷ (0.580 L)= 0.00931 MFinally, calculate the pH of the solution using the pOH formula: pOH = -log[OH-]pOH = -log[0.00931]pOH = 2.03pH + pOH = 14pH + 2.03 = 14pH = 11.8Therefore, the pH of the calcium hydroxide solution is 11.8.

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The major product obtained upon addition of Br2 to (R)-4-tert-butylcyclohexene is (1s, 2r, 4r)-1,2-dibromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane.

The correct option is

b.

(1s,2r,4r)-1,2-dibromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane.

What is an addition reaction?

An addition reaction occurs when an atom or group of atoms is added to a carbon-carbon double or triple bond to create a single bond. As a result, the double bond vanishes, and the reaction is called an addition reaction.

What is Br2?

Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and the atomic number 35.

Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid at normal room temperature and pressure, making it one of the few elements that is both a liquid and a halogen. Br2 is the chemical formula for bromine.

Addition of Br2 to (R)-4-tert-butylcyclohexene

When Br2 is added to (R)-4-tert-butylcyclohexene,

the following reaction occurs:

The major product obtained is (1s, 2r, 4r)-1,2-dibromo-4-tert-butylcyclohexane.

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When we convert the pressure of 84.2 mmHg to torr, the result obtained is 84.2 torr

The following data were obtained from the question:

The conversion scale of converting pressure (in mmHg) to pressure (in torr) is given as follow:

760 mmHg = 760 torr

Using the above, scale, we can convert 84.2 mmHg to torr as follow:

760 mmHg = 760 torr

Therefore,

84.2 mmHg = 84.2 torr

From the above calculation, we can conclude that the pressure (in torr) is 84.2 torr

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The molecular mass of the unknown compound is 3.7 g/mol.

The molecular mass of the unknown compound can be calculated using the formula for freezing point depression, which is:
ΔT = Kf * m
Where Kf is the freezing point depression constant (1.86 K/m),

m is the molality of the solution (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent), and

ΔT is the difference between the freezing point of the pure solvent and the freezing point of the solution.

Plugging in the values given, we get:
-2.5 = 1.86 * m

Solving for m, we get,

m = -2.5 / 1.86

= 1.35 m

Therefore, the molecular mass of the unknown compound can be calculated by dividing the mass of the unknown compound (5 grams) by the molality of the solution (1.35 m).

This gives us a molecular mass of 3.7 g/mol.

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Answer:

alpha particles have the least penetration power while beta particles have a moderate penetration power and gamma particles have the highest penetration power.

Answer: The oxygen concentration in water changes over a single day as a result of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and other factors.

The oxygen gauge is used to measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water at several different times over a single day. This process is known as dissolved oxygen monitoring.

At the start of the day, the oxygen concentration is typically high due to the photosynthesis of aquatic plants. As the day progresses, the oxygen concentration will drop as a result of respiration by the aquatic organisms in the water. Additionally, sunlight can drive the rate of photosynthesis and respiration, which can cause the oxygen concentration to fluctuate over the course of the day.

By the end of the day, the oxygen concentration is usually lower than it was at the start of the day, as a result of the respiration of aquatic organisms and the decomposition of organic matter. However, in some cases, the oxygen concentration can remain high, due to the photosynthesis of aquatic plants.

It is important to note that the oxygen concentration can also be affected by temperature, light, and other factors. The oxygen concentration can vary depending on the environment, and so it is important to measure the oxygen concentration at different times to get a complete picture of the environment.

Overall, the oxygen concentration in water changes over a single day as a result of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and other factors. Monitoring the oxygen concentration at different times can help us to understand the health of the aquatic ecosystem.


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Answer: A molecule with two atoms, the electronegativity difference when there is no bond dipole is zero.

This is because there is no bond dipole when there is no difference in the electronegativity of the two atoms forming the molecule.

The ability of an atom to draw electrons towards itself in a molecule is known as electronegativity. Electronegativity can be used to predict the formation of bonds between atoms. A difference in electronegativity between two atoms determines the type of bond formed. T

he greater the difference in electronegativity, the greater the bond polarity. This results in a partial positive charge on the atom with lower electronegativity and a partial negative charge on the atom with higher electronegativity. Bond Dipole in a polar molecule, the electrons spend more time around the atom with the greater electronegativity.

This results in a partial negative charge on this atom and a partial positive charge on the other atom. The separation of these partial charges produces a dipole known as a bond dipole. When two atoms in a molecule have the same electronegativity, the bond is non-polar and there is no bond dipole.

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71.5 kJ of heat is released when 0.250 moles of hydrogen gas react with the required amount of oxygen.

When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it produces water and releases heat. This is an exothermic reaction with a high energy yield, and it is often used in rocket propulsion.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is:

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + energy

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water. Therefore, the amount of oxygen required to react with 0.250 moles of hydrogen is 0.125 moles.

Assuming the reaction occurs at constant pressure and temperature, we can use the equation:

ΔH = Q / n

where ΔH is the enthalpy change, Q is the heat released or absorbed by the reaction, and n is the number of moles of the limiting reactant (in this case, hydrogen).

The enthalpy change for the combustion of hydrogen gas is -286 kJ/mol. Therefore, the heat released by the reaction of 0.250 moles of hydrogen is:

Q = ΔH x n = -286 kJ/mol x 0.250 mol = -71.5 kJ

Note that the negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic and releases heat.

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The reaction that requires platinum as a catalyst is the  B. reduction of an aldehyde or ketone.

This reaction occurs when an aldehyde or ketone is treated with hydrogen gas in the presence of a platinum-based catalyst. The resulting product is  alcohol. This reaction is important in the production of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones from their precursors. The catalyst helps to break the chemical bonds of the molecules and increase the reaction rate.

In addition to being used for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones, platinum can also be used to catalyze the oxidation of an aldehyde or ketone. In this reaction, an aldehyde or ketone is treated with an oxidizing agent, such as oxygen or ozone, in the presence of a platinum-based catalyst. This reaction is used to produce carboxylic acids and esters. Both of these reactions require the use of a platinum-based catalyst, which helps to speed up the reaction rate.

In summary, the reaction that requires platinum as a catalyst is the reduction of an aldehyde or ketone. Platinum can also be used to catalyze the oxidation of an aldehyde or ketone. Both of these reactions are important for the production of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones from their precursors. Therefore the correct option is  B

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Answer: Aliphatic compounds are defined as organic compounds that do not contain the benzene ring. They can be divided into three main types: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

What are aliphatic compounds?

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain the benzene ring. Aliphatic compounds can be divided into three main types: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. Aliphatic compounds can be either saturated or unsaturated.

Aliphatic compounds with only single bonds are saturated, whereas those with one or more double or triple bonds are unsaturated. Aromatic compounds are organic compounds that contain the benzene ring. They are unsaturated compounds because they contain alternating double bonds.

They are very stable and are found in many natural substances, such as essential oils, spices, and drugs. Aromatic compounds are also used in the production of plastics, dyes, and other industrial products.

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The rate constant at 227°C is a. 6.7 x [tex]10^{-22}[/tex].

The Arrhenius equation states that the rate constant (k) is equal to A × e(-Ea/RT).

Given values:  A = 2.2 x 10¹³ s⁻¹, Activation energy (Ea) = 150 kJ/mol, Temperature (T) = 227°C = 500 K.

For this, we need to substitute the given values in the Arrhenius equation as

k = A × e(-Ea/RT)

k = 2.2 x 10¹³ s⁻¹ × e(-150000 J/mol / (8.31 J/mol-K × 500 K))

k = 2.2 x 10¹³ s⁻¹ × e(-30.12)

k = 6.69 x 10⁻¹² s⁻¹

Therefore, the value of the rate constant at 227°C is 6.69 x 10⁻¹² s⁻¹. Hence, option A is the correct answer.

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The complete statement is: An acid donates a proton to form its conjugate base, which therefore has one less proton, and one more electron than its acid.

An acid is a substance that can donate hydrogen ions (H+) or accept electron pairs, while a base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions (H+) or donate electron pairs.

When an acid donates a proton to form its conjugate base, the acid loses one hydrogen ion (H+) and becomes a negative ion with a charge of -1. The conjugate base, on the other hand, gains one hydrogen ion (H+) and becomes a positive ion with a charge of +1.

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Benzenesulphonic acids is least sensitive in an electrophilic replacement of an aromatic because of the M effect. 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is the nucleophilic aromatic substitution that is least reactive to it (option A).

A substance is referred to as a nucleophile if it has a propensity to give electron pairs to electron acceptors in order to establish chemical bonds with them. Any ion, molecule, or pi bond with two free electrons or an electron pair has the capacity to act in a nucleophilic manner.

Water attracts electron-deficient compounds like protons, making it a nucleophile. Due to the easy accessibility of a singular electron pair on oxygens, water has a stronger nucleophilic than electrophilic nature.

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