34. you are given the following information about a firm: the growth rate equals 8 percent; return on assets (roa) is 10 percent; the debt ratio is 20 percent; and the stock is selling at $36. what is the return on equity (roe)?

Sonya's adjusted basis in Salmon Corporation after the stock dividend is $4,800.

To calculate Sonya's basis in Salmon Corporation, we need to take into account the original cost of her investment, any subsequent purchases or sales, and any adjustments resulting from stock dividends.

In this case, Sonya purchased 4,000 shares in Salmon Corporation for $40,000 ten years ago. This means that her initial basis in the stock was $40,000 / 4,000 shares = $10 per share.

Now, Sonya has received a stock dividend of 40 shares of Salmon preferred stock, which is nontaxable. We need to adjust her basis to reflect the value of the new stock received.

At the time of the dividend, the preferred stock was valued at $8,000, which means that each share was worth $8,000 / 40 shares = $200. The common stock was valued at $72,000, which means that each share was worth $72,000 / 4,000 shares = $18.

To adjust Sonya's basis, we need to add the value of the preferred stock dividend to her original basis and multiply it by the ratio of the common stock value to the preferred stock value:

Adjusted basis = (Original basis + Value of preferred stock dividend) x (Common stock value / Preferred stock value)

Adjusted basis = ($10 per share x 4,000 shares + $200 per share x 40 shares) x ($18 per share / $200 per share)

Adjusted basis = ($40,000 + $8,000) x 0.09

Adjusted basis = $4,800

Therefore, Sonya's adjusted basis in Salmon Corporation after the stock dividend is $4,800.

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Formulative research is marketing research that uses focus groups to identify research questions and propose hypotheses.

Exploratory studies, often referred to as formulative research, are useful when research tries to become familiar with a phenomenon or to obtain new insight into it in order to articulate a more precise problem or to build a hypothesis.

One of the best-known and most widely used techniques for market research is focus groups. They let researchers to collect data on anything from goods and services to beliefs and perceptions in order to disclose actual customer attitudes and opinions. They are used to acquire qualitative data and in-depth insights.

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The market structure where consumers have a wide range of choices among similar but not identical products is known as monopolistic competition.

In this type of market, there are many producers of the same or similar products, but each producer has some degree of control over the price due to differentiation. In monopolistic competition Producers compete on various factors such as quality, style, design, and customer service to differentiate their products from others.

Consumers have the freedom to choose from different products and can switch to a competitor's product if they are not satisfied with the quality or price of their current product.

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Answer: 1. Add the cost to the price of goods

2. Negotiate with carriers.

3. By using the cost allocation method

4. By implementing cost-cutting measures

Explanation:

Based on the pecking order theory, firms prefer to borrow option (a) short-term debt

According to the pecking order theory, firms prefer to finance their investments in the following order of preference: first, with internal funds, second, with debt, and finally, with equity. In terms of debt financing, the theory suggests that firms prefer to issue short-term debt before long-term debt. This is because short-term debt is generally less expensive and less risky for firms than long-term debt.

Short-term debt can be easily rolled over or refinanced, whereas long-term debt is more difficult and costly to renegotiate. Additionally, long-term debt exposes firms to interest rate and inflation risks, which can be mitigated by using short-term debt. Therefore, firms tend to use short-term debt as a first choice, followed by long-term debt only when necessary.

Therefore, the correct option is (a) short-term

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The appropriate risk-free rate to use in calculating the cost of equity for a firm is option (a) a long-term treasury rate

The appropriate risk-free rate to use in calculating the cost of equity for a firm is a long-term treasury rate. This is because the cost of equity represents the return that investors require to invest in the firm's stock, and the long-term treasury rate is generally considered to be the best approximation of the risk-free rate of return, as it is not subject to significant fluctuations in the short term.

Short-term treasury rates may be affected by changes in the Federal Reserve's monetary policy and may not reflect the long-term risk-free rate. An equal mix of short-term and long-term treasury rates is also not appropriate, as it would not provide an accurate estimate of the risk-free rate.

Therefore, the correct option is (a) a long-term treasury rate

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The actual rate paid per labor-hour in the given situation is B) $11.22 per labor-hour.

Standard hours refer to the number of labor hours required to produce one unit of the product. In this case, the standard hours are 5 labor-hours per unit. The standard rate refers to the amount of money paid per labor-hour. In this case, the standard rate is $12 per labor-hour.

The partial production data shows that during the most recent month, the budgeted production was 850 units, but the actual production was 960 units. It also shows that the budgeted direct labor hours were 4,250, but the actual direct labor hours are unknown.

The analysis of results for the month shows that the direct labor rate variance is $4,104 favorable and the direct labor efficiency variance is $5,760 favorable. The direct labor rate variance measures the difference between the actual rate paid per labor-hour and the standard rate, multiplied by the actual hours worked.

A favorable variance means that the actual rate paid per labor-hour was less than the standard rate. The direct labor efficiency variance measures the difference between the actual hours worked and the standard hours, multiplied by the standard rate. A favorable variance means that fewer hours were worked than expected to produce the actual output.

To find the actual rate paid per labor-hour, we can use the direct labor rate variance formula: Direct labor rate variance = (Actual rate - Standard rate) x Actual hours. We know that the direct labor rate variance is $4,104 favorable, and the standard rate is $12 per labor-hour.

We can rearrange the formula to solve for the actual rate: Actual rate = (Direct labor rate variance / Actual hours) + Standard rate. Substituting the values, we get: Actual rate = ($4,104 / Actual hours) + $12.

We can also use the direct labor efficiency variance formula to find the actual hours worked: Direct labor efficiency variance = (Actual hours - Standard hours) x Standard rate. We know that the direct labor efficiency variance is $5,760 favorable, and the standard hours are 5 labor-hours per unit.

We can rearrange the formula to solve for actual hours: Actual hours = (Direct labor efficiency variance / Standard rate) + Standard hours. Substituting the values, we get: Actual hours = ($5,760 / $12) + 5 = 480 + 5 = 485.

Now that we know the actual hours worked, we can substitute the value in the formula we derived earlier to find the actual rate paid per labor-hour: Actual rate = ($4,104 / 485) + $12 = $8.47 + $12 = $20.47. However, this answer is not among the options provided, so we need to round it to the closest option. The closest option is $11.22 per labor-hour (option b).

In conclusion, the actual rate paid per labor-hour is $11.22 per labor-hour (option b). The analysis shows that the actual rate was lower than the standard rate, resulting in a favorable direct labor rate variance. Additionally, fewer hours were worked than expected, resulting in a favorable direct labor efficiency variance.

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The yield to maturity is 6.12%.

To calculate the yield to maturity, we can use the bond pricing formula, which states that the bond price is equal to the present value of its future cash flows. We know the current price of the bond ($1091.60), the semi-annual coupon rate (8% / 2 = 4%), the number of periods (15 years x 2 = 30), and the face value ($1000).

Using a financial calculator or Excel, we can solve for the yield to maturity, which is the discount rate that makes the present value of the bond's cash flows equal to its current price. Alternatively, we can use trial and error or a bond yield table to find the closest yield to maturity to the quoted price.

In this case, the yield to maturity is 6.12%, which is close to the quoted price of 109.16. This means that investors are willing to pay a premium for the bond because its coupon rate is higher than the prevailing interest rate in the market.

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Drake's company aims to set a high price initially for a new product and then decrease it to a more sustainable level for the long term, which represents a pricing objective of price skimming.

Drake's company is using a pricing objective called "skimming pricing." Skimming pricing is a strategy of initially charging a high price for a new product to maximize revenue from early adopters and then gradually lowering the price to attract more price-sensitive customers over time.

This approach is often used for innovative products that have a limited customer base willing to pay a premium price. The goal of skimming pricing is to capture the maximum profit from the market before competitors enter and prices are driven down.

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The NPV is 40 at a discount rate of 0 percent, 17.98 at a discount rate of 8 percent, -2.26 at a discount rate of 16 percent, and -24.28 at a discount rate of 28 percent.

To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the given cash flows, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value and then add all the present values. The formula for calculating the present value is:

PV = CF / (1 + r)n

Where,

CF = Cash flow at period n

r = Discount rate or required rate of return

n = Time period

Using this formula, we can calculate the present value of each cash flow at different discount rates and then sum them up to find the NPV.

At a discount rate of 0 percent:

The present value of each cash flow is the same as the cash flow itself. Therefore, the NPV is:

NPV = [tex]-$50 + $20 + $30 + $40[/tex]

NPV = [tex]$40[/tex]

At a discount rate of 8 percent:

Using the above formula, we can calculate the present value of each cash flow at a discount rate of 8 percent:

[tex]PV(-50) = -50 / (1 + 0.08)^1 = -$46.30[/tex]

[tex]PV(20) = 20 / (1 + 0.08)^2 = $16.81[/tex]

[tex]PV(30) = 30 / (1 + 0.08)^3 = $21.33[/tex]

[tex]PV(40) = 40 / (1 + 0.08)^4 = $26.14[/tex]

Adding up the present values, we get:

NPV = -[tex]46.30 + $16.81 + $21.33 + $26.14[/tex]

NPV = [tex]$17.98[/tex]

At a discount rate of 16 percent:

Using the same formula, we can calculate the present value at a discount rate of 16 percent:

[tex]PV(-50) = -50 / (1 + 0.16)^1 = -$43.10[/tex]

[tex]PV(20) = 20 / (1 + 0.16)^2 = $11.19[/tex]

[tex]PV(30) = 30 / (1 + 0.16)^3 = $13.54[/tex]

[tex]PV(40) = 40 / (1 + 0.16)^4 = $16.11[/tex]

Adding up the present values, we get:

NPV = -[tex]43.10 + $11.19 + $13.54 + $16.11[/tex]

NPV = -[tex]$2.26[/tex]

At a discount rate of 28 percent:

Using the same formula, we can calculate the present value at a discount rate of 28 percent:

[tex]PV(-50) = -50 / (1 + 0.28)^1 = -$39.06[/tex]

[tex]PV(20) = 20 / (1 + 0.28)^2 = $4.42[/tex]

[tex]PV(30) = 30 / (1 + 0.28)^3 = $5.25[/tex]

[tex]PV(40) = 40 / (1 + 0.28)^4 = $5.11[/tex]

Adding up the present values, we get:

NPV = [tex]-$39.06 + $4.42 + $5.25 + $5.11[/tex]

NPV = -[tex]$24.28[/tex]

Therefore, the NPV is [tex]$40[/tex] at a discount rate of 0 percent, [tex]$17.98[/tex]at a discount rate of 8 percent, -[tex]$2.26[/tex]at a discount rate of 16 percent, and [tex]-$24.28[/tex] at a discount rate of 28 percent.

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The expected EUAC for the equipment is option (a) $46,460

To calculate the expected equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) of the equipment, we need to calculate the present worth of all the costs and benefits associated with the equipment and then calculate the EUAC using the following formula

EUAC = (P/A, i%, n) - (S/A, i%, n)

where:

P = present worth of all costs (initial cost and O&M costs)

S = salvage value

i = interest rate

n = life of the equipment

(A/A, i%, n) is the annual equivalent factor.

First, we calculate the present worth of all costs

PW = P + (A/P, i%, n) x O&M - (F/P, i%, n) x S

where:

P = initial cost = $100,000

O&M = annual O&M cost = $20,000

S = salvage value = $10,000

i = interest rate = 10%

n varies from 5 to 9 years with associated probabilities.

Using the probability-weighted average approach, we can calculate the expected present worth of all costs as follows

PW = (0.3 x 100,000 x (P/F, 10%, 5)) + (0.1 x 100,000 x (P/F, 10%, 6)) + (0.15 x 100,000 x (P/F, 10%, 7)) + (0.2 x 100,000 x (P/F, 10%, 8)) + (0.25 x 100,000 x (P/F, 10%, 9)) + (20,000 x (A/P, 10%, n)) - (10,000 x (F/P, 10%, n))

where:

(P/F, i%, n) is the present worth factor

(A/P, i%, n) is the annual equivalent factor.

Solving for PW, we get:

PW = $354,022.83

Next, we calculate the annual equivalent factor:

(A/A, 10%, n) = (i(1+i)^n)/((1+i)^n-1)

Using this formula, we get the following annual equivalent factors for n varying from 5 to 9 years

n=5: (A/A, 10%, 5) = 0.2638

n=6: (A/A, 10%, 6) = 0.2432

n=7: (A/A, 10%, 7) = 0.2251

n=8: (A/A, 10%, 8) = 0.2089

n=9: (A/A, 10%, 9) = 0.1943

Finally, we can calculate the expected EUAC as follows

EUAC = (PW x (A/A, 10%, n)) - (S x (A/P, 10%, n))

Using the probability-weighted average approach, we can calculate the expected EUAC as follow

EUAC = (0.3 x 354,022.83 x 0.2638) + (0.1 x 354,022.83 x 0.2432) + (0.15 x 354,022.83 x 0.2251) + (0.2 x 354,022.83 x 0.2089) + (0.25 x 354,022.83 x 0.1943) - (10,000 x (A/P, 10%, n))

For n varying from 5 to 9 years, the EUAC can be calculated as follows:

n=5: EUAC = $46460

Therefore, the correct option is (a) $46,460

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This case involves a strategic alliance between Renault and Nissan. Renault chose not to acquire Nissan initially because alliancing allowed them to combine resources and expertise while maintaining separate corporate identities.

The type of alliance in this case is a cross-shareholding alliance. Renault did not acquire Nissan in the first place but instead chose to form an alliance with Nissan due to several reasons, including economic challenges and the potential benefits of a partnership. What is an alliance? An alliance is a form of cooperation between two or more parties for mutual benefit. A cross-shareholding alliance is one in which two companies each purchase shares in the other company. It is a way of gaining a certain degree of control over another company, establishing business relations with it, and sharing technologies and resources with it. Why did Renault not acquire Nissan? Renault did not acquire Nissan in the first place but instead chose to ally with Nissan due to several reasons: Economic challenges: Renault was facing financial difficulties at the time and could not afford to purchase Nissan. Allying allowed Renault to access Nissan's strong position in the Japanese market and gain access to its financial resources. Geographical expansion: Renault was looking to expand its geographical reach, and a partnership with Nissan provided access to the Asian market. Technological collaboration: Nissan had innovative technology that Renault did not possess, and an alliance provided access to that technology. Cultural similarity: Renault and Nissan shared a common culture, which made it easier for them to work together. Synergy: An alliance provided Renault with the opportunity to create synergy between the two companies by sharing resources, technology, and knowledge.
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The record in Arizona that is considered sufficient disclosure to owners and potential buyers of property in an airport influence area is the Airport Disclosure Record.

The Airport Disclosure Record is a form that is used to inform property owners or potential buyers in an airport influence area. The form is a requirement by the Federal Aviation Administration, it helps property owners understand the potential risks involved with owning or operating a property within an airport influence area. The disclosure record provides information about airport operations, potential noise impacts, and other issues that could affect the value or use of the property.

In Arizona, the Airport Disclosure Record is considered sufficient disclosure to owners and potential buyers of property in an airport influence area. It is a legal requirement that must be completed and filed with the state before the property can be sold or transferred. The Airport Disclosure Record is designed to protect both the buyer and the seller by ensuring that all parties have access to important information about the property's location and potential risks. The record in Arizona that is considered sufficient disclosure to owners and potential buyers of property in an airport influence area is the Airport Disclosure Record.

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The impact of an increase in the minimum wage to $25 per hour on the employment of people previously earning less than $25 per hour and the availability of on-the-job training for low-skilled workers will depend on a variety of factors, including the specific labor market conditions and the elasticity of demand for labor.

In general, when the minimum wage is increased, it is expected that some employers will respond by reducing their demand for low-skilled workers, as the cost of labor has increased. This could lead to a decrease in employment opportunities for people who were previously earning less than $25 per hour. However, the magnitude of this effect will depend on how elastic the demand for labor is in the affected industries, as well as the availability of substitutes for low-skilled labor (such as automation or outsourcing).

On the other hand, an increase in the minimum wage could also lead to an increase in the availability of on-the-job training for low-skilled workers. This is because when the cost of labor increases, employers may have a greater incentive to invest in their workers' skills and productivity, in order to maximize the return on their labor costs. This could lead to more opportunities for low-skilled workers to receive training and develop new skills, which could ultimately lead to higher wages and greater job security in the long run.

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On the basis of mentioned Covington's expected terminal enterprise value is calculated out to be $16.23 per share.

To calculate Covington's expected terminal enterprise value, we first need to calculate the terminal free cash flow at the end of year 4.

Using the perpetuity formula, we can find the present value of the expected cash flows beyond year 4:

PV = FCF / (r - g)

where PV is the present value, FCF is the free cash flow in year 5, r is the weighted average cost of capital(WACC) , and g is the growth rate.

FCF5 = FCF4 x (1 + g) = $35 million x 1.028 = $35.98 million

Plugging in the values, we get:

PV = $35.98 million / (0.12 - 0.028) = $405.96 million

Next, we need to calculate the total enterprise value at the end of year 4:

TEV4 = PV of year 1-4 free cash flows + PV of year 5 terminal value

TEV4 = ($12 million / 1.12) + ($18 million / 1.12²) + ($22 million / 1.12³) + ($35 million / 1.12⁴) + $405.96 million

TEV4 = $9.77 million + $13.31 million + $15.29 million + $23.36 million + $405.96 million

TEV4 = $467.69 million

Finally, we can calculate the expected terminal enterprise value by adding Covington's cash and subtracting its debt, then dividing by the number of outstanding shares:

Expected terminal enterprise value = (TEV4 + cash - debt) / shares outstanding

Expected terminal enterprise value = ($467.69 million + $80 million - $60 million) / 30 million

Expected terminal enterprise value = $16.23 per share

Therefore, Covington's expected terminal enterprise value is $16.23 per share.

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If the price of the good increases by 8% next year, then 6.67% fewer people will buy it (i.e., the percent change in quantity demanded).

When the price of the good increases by 8%, the quantity demanded will decrease. This relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the Law of Demand.

It states that the quantity demanded of a good decreases as its price increases and vice versa. In order to find the percent change in quantity demanded, we can use the price elasticity of demand formula. The formula is as follows:% change in quantity demanded = % change in price/price elasticity of demand given that the price of the good increases by 8%. Therefore,% change in price = 8%Now, we need to find the price elasticity of demand. If the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1, it means that the good is elastic, and a small change in price leads to a large change in the quantity demanded. If the price elasticity of demand is less than 1, it means that the good is inelastic and a change in price has a small effect on the quantity demanded. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, it means that the good has unitary elasticity.

Let us assume that the price elasticity of demand is -1.2 (since the price is increasing, the price elasticity of demand is negative). Then,% change in quantity demanded = 8% / -1.2= -6.67%

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Agreements to form a partnership may be oral, written, and implied by conduct. These are the three options that can be chosen from the given options.

There is no requirement for there to be three or more partners for an agreement to be implied. Implied agreements can exist even if there are only two partners involved. A partnership is a legal form of business ownership in which two or more people work together to achieve a common goal.

Partnerships can be formed for a variety of reasons, such as to pool resources, share expenses, or take advantage of complementary skills. The type of agreement used to form a partnership can vary depending on the preferences of the partners involved.

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As markets become more turbulent and unpredictable, seizing opportunities to establish competitive advantage depends primarily upon the ability of a business to be agile and adapt quickly to changing market conditions.

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The Balance of Benefits and Costs View of FDI states that there are both advantages and disadvantages associated with FDI.

Countries should strive to maximize the benefits while minimizing the national costs. The benefits of FDI include improved access to technology, increased foreign exchange earnings, jobs creation, better infrastructure and opportunities for regional development.

On the other hand, potential costs include pressures on domestic industry due to foreign competition, displacement of local workers in favor of cheaper foreign labor, negative environmental impacts and a loss of economic sovereignty.

For this reason, governments must carefully consider the pros and cons of accepting or rejecting foreign investments prior to making any decisions.

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The incorrect answer. in completing a 2021 form w-4, employees may claim additional deductions in step d. if they have high levels of interest and dividend income.

When completing a 2021 form W-4, employees may claim additional deductions in step 4, and they can claim additional allowances if they expect to have large amounts of itemized deductions, deductible IRA contributions, or they are paying deductible alimony. However, they cannot claim additional allowances if they have high levels of interest and dividend income.Step 4 of the 2021 Form W-4 is used to adjust for deductions, and it has three sections, each of which corresponds to a specific tax credit or deduction.

Employees should fill out step 4 if they expect to claim tax credits or deductions other than the standard deduction.To sum up, employees may claim additional deductions in step 4 of a 2021 form W-4 if they have deductible IRA contributions, if they expect to have large amounts of itemized deductions, or if they are paying deductible alimony. They cannot claim additional deductions if they have high levels of interest and dividend income. The incorrect answer. in completing a 2021 form w-4, employees may claim additional deductions in step d. if they have high levels of interest and dividend income.

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Direct purpose of internal controls to improve the accuracy and reliability of accounting information. Correct answer is option: 1.

The direct purpose of internal controls is to ensure that a company's financial information is accurate, reliable, and consistent. Internal controls are policies, procedures, and practices that are put in place to safeguard a company's assets, prevent fraud and errors, and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. By improving the accuracy and reliability of accounting information, internal controls help companies make better business decisions and reduce the risk of financial losses. Internal controls are essential for effective corporate governance and are a key element in ensuring the integrity and transparency of financial reporting. Option 1 is correct.

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-- The complete question  is, What is a direct purpose of internal controls?

The area's economic base is heavily diversified, which means it has a mix of different types of industries and sectors contributing to its overall economic health.

This diversification can provide stability and growth opportunities for the area.

When an area's economic base is heavily diversified, it means that there are many different types of industries and sectors operating within the area, which can be beneficial in several ways.

Firstly, a diverse economy is less vulnerable to downturns in any one particular industry. For example, if an area is heavily reliant on a single industry, such as mining or manufacturing, a decline in that industry can lead to a significant economic downturn for the entire area.

On the other hand, if an area has a mix of different industries and sectors, a downturn in one industry may not have as severe an impact on the overall economy.

Additionally, a diverse economy can provide growth opportunities for the area. By having a mix of industries and sectors, the area can attract a broader range of businesses and investors, leading to increased economic activity and job creation.

Furthermore, a diverse economy can encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, as individuals and businesses have access to a wide range of resources and opportunities.

Overall, a heavily diversified economic base can provide stability, growth opportunities, and increased resilience to economic shocks for an area. It can also promote innovation and entrepreneurship, which can lead to long-term economic success.

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Getting ready, reading, jotting down significant points, and reviewing. The most crucial step in the note-taking procedure is to continue taking notes.

Making notes helps you avoid feelings of distraction or drowsiness by keeping your body active and alert. stimulates the mind. Your mind stays actively preoccupied with what you pay attention to when you listen intently and decide what to include in your notes. Taking notes forces you to pay attention and makes you alert in class. It makes analysis possible. According to learning research, actively engaging with a subject by listening and then summarising what you pay attention to facilitates later recognition and consideration of the material. Take notes that are prepared, brief, visually clear, and based so that you can subsequently review and understand them. For more information, see the different note formats below. if you want your notes to be succinct and concise,

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Deduction for agi is unreimbursed moving expenses of an employee (who is in the military). so, the correct answer is D).

Deductions for AGI are expenses that can be deducted from a taxpayer's gross income, reducing their taxable income. The four options provided are all potential deductions, but only one of them, unreimbursed moving expenses of an employee (who is in the military), is a deduction for AGI.

This means that the deduction can be taken regardless of whether or not the taxpayer itemizes their deductions. State and local sales taxes, interest on home mortgage, and charitable contributions are all deductions that can be taken, but they are considered itemized deductions and are subject to certain limitations and qualifications.

Overall, understanding the types of deductions available can help taxpayers reduce their taxable income and potentially lower their tax bill. So, the correct answer is D).

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The purchasing-power parity (PPP) theory does not hold at all times because many goods are not easily transported, and the same goods produced in different countries may be imperfect substitutes. Additionally, consumer preferences are different across countries, and prices are different across countries.

1. Many goods are not easily transported: PPP assumes that goods can be transported without any cost or barriers. However, in reality, there are transportation costs, import tariffs, and other trade restrictions that make it difficult for goods to be transported across borders. This limits the ability of prices to equalize across countries, causing the PPP theory to break down.2. Imperfect substitutes: Goods produced in different countries might have differences in quality, features, or branding, making them imperfect substitutes. This means that consumers might prefer a specific version of a product, making it difficult for the law of one price to hold across countries. This, in turn, affects the validity of the PPP theory.

3. Consumer preferences: People in different countries have different tastes and preferences, which can influence the demand for goods and their prices. Cultural, historical, or personal factors can cause variations in the preferences of consumers, leading to deviations from PPP.4. Price differences: Prices can differ across countries due to various factors, such as differences in production costs, taxes, or local market conditions. These price differences can cause the PPP theory to not hold in some cases.

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Therefore, to construct a riskless portfolio using two risky stocks, one would need to find two stocks with a correlation coefficient of -1 or 1.

The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables are connected. It is represented by the symbol "r" in statistics. When r = 1 or -1, the correlation coefficient is at its maximum.The correlation coefficient of -1 or 1 represents a perfect correlation. This is due to the fact that if two stocks are perfectly correlated, their prices will always move in lockstep, regardless of what is happening in the market. As a result, if you pair them together in a portfolio, the losses in one stock will be offset by the gains in the other stock, resulting in a riskless portfolio.

As a result, if one of the stocks loses money, the other stock will compensate for it, resulting in a net profit of zero. As a result, a portfolio with two stocks with a correlation coefficient of -1 or 1 is considered riskless.Therefore, to construct a riskless portfolio using two risky stocks, one would need to find two stocks with a correlation coefficient of -1 or 1.

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The purchase of equipment can be recorded using a horizontal statements model to show the effect on assets and equities.  Accumulated depreciation is $40,000 (Assets), Net income is $32,000(2018), $43,000(2019), and Cash, end of year is $78,000(2019), $138,000(2018).  

a. The purchase of equipment can be recorded in a horizontal statements model as follows(image attached):

b-1. The income statements for 2018 and 2019 can be prepared in a vertical statements format as follows (image attached):

b-2. The balance sheets for 2018 and 2019 can be prepared in a vertical statements format as follows(image attached):

b-3. The statements of cash flows for 2018 and 2019 can be prepared in a vertical statements format as follows(image attached):

The income statements for 2018 and 2019 show the company's revenues, expenses, and net income for each year. The balance sheets for 2018 and 2019 show the company's assets, liabilities, and equity at the end of each year. The statements of cash flows for 2018 and 2019 show the company's cash inflows and outflows for each year, including cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities.

Overall, the horizontal statements model shows the purchase of equipment, while the vertical statements format shows the income statements, balance sheets, and statements of cash flows for the years 2018 and 2019. These financial statements provide a snapshot of Golden Manufacturing Company's financial position and performance, including its revenues, expenses, net income, assets, liabilities, and cash flows.

The complete question is

Golden Manufacturing Company started operations by acquiring $150,000 cash from the issue of common stock. On January 1, 2018, the company purchased equipment that cost $120,000 cash, had an expected useful life of six years, and had an estimated salvage value of $4,000. Golden Manufacturing earned $72,000 and $83,000 of cash revenue during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Golden Manufacturing uses double-declining-balance depreciation.

Required

Record the purchase in a horizontal statements model.

b-1.Prepare an income statements for 2018 and 2019. Use a vertical statements format.

b-2.Prepare a balance sheets for 2018 and 2019. Use a vertical statements format.

b-3. Prepare a statements of cash flows for 2018 and 2019. Use a vertical statements format.

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The following statements about in-transit inventory are correct i. inventory is in-transit for the total lead time and iv. inventory in-transit is not used up.

The correct option is I and IV

In general , In-transit inventory refers to the goods that are currently in the process of being transported from one location to another. The total lead time includes the time it takes for the goods to be produced, processed, and shipped from the supplier to the buyer.

Also , In-transit inventory is still in transit and has not yet reached its destination. It is not considered as part of the cycle stock, which is the inventory that is regularly used up during production or sales. In-transit inventory is not used up until it arrives at its final destination and is processed or sold.

Hence, I and IV are the correct options

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A fast-food chain looking to expand its business on a global scale by allowing interested parties in different parts of the world to open fast-food restaurants under its brand name where these interested parties must pay an initial fee to the owner of the fast-food chain and additionally pay a portion of profits on a monthly basis is an example of franchising.

A franchise is a method of distributing goods or services in which a franchisor grants an operator the right to market its goods or services under its brand name and guided by its system in exchange for a fee. The franchisor typically provides assistance in the areas of marketing, finance, and sometimes site selection. Franchising is a model of business in which an existing firm or parent company grants or licenses its trademarks, products, or services to independent individuals or other organizations for use in the distribution of goods or services.

For example, if an individual wanted to open a fast-food restaurant under a well-known fast-food chain, they would be required to pay an initial franchise fee to the parent company in addition to a portion of their profits on a regular basis. This allows the parent company to expand its business without having to invest its own funds in the creation of new branches.

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The contribution margin calculated on the basis of given information is $260,000.

The contribution margin is calculated as the difference between sales revenue and variable costs. In this case, sales revenue is $750,000, and the variable costs of goods sold and variable selling and administrative expenses are $400,000 and $90,000, respectively.

Thus, the total variable costs are $490,000 ($400,000 + $90,000). Subtracting the variable costs from the sales revenue gives the contribution margin of $260,000 ($750,000 - $490,000). This represents the amount of revenue that is available to cover fixed costs and provide profit.

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